8-38. By definition, area security operations focus on the protected force, installation, route, or area. Protected forces range from echelon headquarters through artillery and echelon reserves to the sustaining base. Protected installations can also be part of the sustaining base, or they can constitute part of the area’s infrastructure. Areas to secure in the consolidation of gains may range from specific points (for example, bridges and defiles) and terrain features (including ridgelines and hills) to large civilian population centers and their adjacent areas. Population-centric area security missions are common across the range of military operations, but they are almost a requirement during irregular warfare. These population-centric area security operations typically combine aspects of the area defense and offensive tasks, like search and attack and cordon and search, to eliminate internal defense threats.

4-83. If a large response is needed in the USNORTHCOM AOR, DOD commits a standing joint task force assigned to USNORTHCOM and a defense CBRN response force. Highly trained and specialized CBRN units such as technical escort units and Defense Threat Reduction Agency teams may augment the DOD response. In a large CBRN incident, DOD installations serve as staging areas for military and civilian entities. In a large CBRN incident, military forces can provide security and essential services. Food distribution points as well as the National Pharmaceutical Stockpile or inoculation sites could require security measures. Water supply, trash collection, medical screening, and augmentation of local government could become support missions during recovery.

7-21. Protection of civilians is not a separate task under the protection warfighting function; it is a protection activity that is considered during the planning and execution of all tasks. Army special operations forces often work in close proximity to and/or directly with local populations. This factor requires Soldiers to understand and uphold standards of conduct as well as legal, moral, and ethical obligations. Persons who are neither part of nor associated with an armed force or group nor otherwise engaged in hostilities are categorized as civilians and have protected status under the law of war. Army special operations forces must abide by U.S. policy and comply with the law of war during all armed conflicts—however such conflicts are characterized—as well as during missions conducted across the competition continuum. In order to comply, Soldiers must discriminate between combatants and civilians and take appropriate measures to protect civilians.

1-22. Building and sustaining national preparedness comprises a range of ongoing activities in the areas of public outreach, federal preparedness efforts, grants and technical assistance, and research and development. National preparedness is a continuous improvement area that is inherently under assessment, review, and improvement. A key component of building and sustaining national preparedness is the National Exercise Program. The National Exercise Program serves as the principal mechanism for examining the preparedness and readiness of the United States across the entire homeland security and management enterprise. The purpose of the National Exercise Program is to design, coordinate, conduct, and evaluate exercises that rigorously test the Nation’s ability to perform missions and functions that prevent, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. (See the FEMA National Exercise Program for more information).

8-6. Leadership and management both cover the actions to influence, motivate, provide purpose and give direction to others, and to sustain and improve the organization. Both add order to situations by planning, controlling, coordinating human, and material resources and by communicating with and gaining commitment from others. Management is complementary to leadership and applies to maintaining order, achieving efficiency, and complying with law. Processes, resources, and systems are things that leaders must manage. Leaders manage personnel as an important resource, but they lead people as individuals and groups to accomplish missions. Management is one of the skills that leaders need more as the scope and scale of their responsibilities increase over the course of a career. Successful management requires understanding about policy, regulations, and the procedural aspects of how an organization functions as part of a larger organization. The leader attributes and competencies apply to management as well as to leadership.

4-164. Civil disturbance support may require specialized equipment and munitions, as well as barrier material. The battalion or brigade logistics officer (S-4) or assistant chief of staff, logistics (G-4) and logistic staff should review the required equipment list and coordinate with the controlling joint task force concerning equipment and ammunition on hand. Additional items may include riot batons, concertina wire and pickets, flexible cuffs, face and body shields, protective mask filters, additional stretchers, portable firefighting equipment, and assorted batteries. Critical infrastructure security missions may require additional supplies, such as marking tape, to delineate the secure area.

4-219. All state and federal military forces involved in DSCA must understand and apply important distinctions regarding state RUF and federal SRUF. First, states that provide National Guard forces in state active duty or Title 32, USC duty status to another state normally adopt the RUF of the supported state for those operations. The states involved normally specify in their memorandum of agreement the RUF the forces will follow. Second, a state's RUF do not apply to federal forces operating in that state. Third, when state and federal forces are operating in overlapping operational areas, the SRUF for federal forces do not apply to the state forces, even when the state forces are operating in Title 32, USC status on missions assigned by DOD.

2-43. Psychological operations groups from the Army Reserve support conventional Army forces within an AOR. These groups provide the formations that support Army corps, divisions, and brigades with military information support operations (MISO). A group forming a military information support task force normally operates in support of a corps, but it may provide direct support to a division. These groups’ capabilities are tactical in nature, and they lack the level of analysis, production, and dissemination required at the operational and strategic levels. They receive augmentation, including language and cultural expertise, regional analysis, and mass communications delivery capabilities. Depending upon its missions, a military information support task force receives additional augmentation from the supported maneuver unit and the Army Reserve strategic dissemination company. As the Army Reserve provides the only conventional force psychological operations capability, early mobilization and integration into predeployment training and the force deployment process is critical.

8-76. The transfer of an AO to a legitimate authority relieves the land force of area security and stability tasks and represents a transition from operations to consolidate gains to operations to shape or prevent. As the theater army headquarters coordinates the movement of most Army forces out of theater, it resumes the tasks necessary to sustain the gains consolidated during large-scale combat operations. Conditions on the ground and resources available determine what security and cooperation tasks have priority. It is possible that Army forces occupy long-term garrisons to prevent a recurrence of hostilities, as happened in Europe, Japan, and Korea in the 20th century. Alternatively, there may be a more robust security cooperation arrangement involving training of forces. Regardless of the tasks required in a specific AO, Army units will continue to perform the missions that reflect their strategic roles of shape, prevent, win, and consolidate gains in support of U.S. interests.

2-91. Company-size combat units can fight together or as subordinate platoons. Cavalry troops frequently operate with their platoons in separate areas. In combined arms battalions, companies either fight as organic units, or they are task-organized. A company team is a combined arms organization formed by attaching one or more nonorganic armor, mechanized infantry, Stryker, or infantry platoons to an armor, mechanized infantry, Stryker, or infantry company, either in exchange for, or in addition to, its organic platoons. These company teams can include other supporting squads or platoons, such as engineers. Company teams are task-organized for specific missions. Company teams can match capabilities to missions with greater precision than units using only organic platoons. However, the attachment of different units at the company level demands thorough training to achieve the maximum complementary effects. Whenever possible, platoons and detachments train together before their commitment to actual operations.

3-20. Not all individuals wearing a military-type uniform are part of the Army. Twenty four states have a state defense force, organized under a separate provision of Section 109(c) of Title 32, USC. Many of these units wear standard military-type uniforms that are indistinguishable from standard Army uniforms except for patches and state name tapes. A state defense force may be a state organized defense force, a state guard, or even a named militia unit. However, these are not Army National Guard forces, although they usually are the responsibility of the state's adjutant general. They are always under the governor's authority. Members of a state defense force cannot be federalized. State defense forces may conduct law enforcement missions consistent with state laws and orders by their governor. In some states, the defense force has law enforcement authority similar to credentialed law enforcement officials. State defense forces may be on scene, operating in the same areas as National Guard units conducting National Guard civil support and federal Army units conducting DSCA.

4-192. The movement and maneuver warfighting function, in reference to disaster response, as those actions taken to restore mobility and to concentrate supporting assets at the point of greatest need. In the aftermath of a disaster, the ability to provide relief to victims often depends on the ability of vehicles to move across debris and flooded areas. Using high mobility vehicles, Soldiers can deliver supplies, help evacuate stranded people, move Soldiers into an area to remove obstacles, and help first responders. Army engineering assets can improve freedom of movement through repair and heavy debris removal. Military aviation assets are also useful for rapidly moving supplies, personnel, equipment, and stranded civilians. Aviation assets are also particularly well equipped to conduct Search and Rescue type missions by providing both manned and unmanned searching abilities as well as unique personnel extrication capabilities.

4-8. Within intelligence, identity activities are the responsibility of the personnel within the all-source elements of the intelligence staff. Within all-source, identity activities combine the synchronized application of the complementary intelligence capabilities (biometrics, forensics, and document and media exploitation [DOMEX]) with intelligence and identity management processes. This establishes identity, affiliations, and authorizations in order to deny anonymity to the adversary and protect U.S. and partner nation assets, facilities, and forces. These all-source activities result in the discovery of true identities; link identities to events, locations, and networks; and reveal hostile intent. These outputs enable tasks, missions, and actions that span the range of military operations.

2-6. Civil Affairs units engage and influence the civil component of the operational environment through Civil Affairs activities, military government operations, and Civil Affairs–supported activities in order to provide civil-considerations expertise through the planning and execution of these operations, and enable civil-military operations. The forces are organized, trained, and equipped specifically to plan and execute Civil Affairs operations across the range of military operations, engaging many different civil entities (indigenous populations and institutions, unified action partners, and interagency partners). In limited instances, they also involve the application of functional specialty skills, by U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs forces, in areas normally the responsibility of civil government, which enhance the conduct of operations. The units are organized, equipped, and trained to carry out missions that specifically include the conduct of Civil Affairs operations.

2-255. All units have the inherent responsibility to conduct survivability operations and continually improve their positions. Although there are three general categories of threats and hazards (hostile actions, nonhostile actions, and environmental conditions), survivability is most concerned with avoiding or withstanding the threats posed by hostile actions and environmental conditions. The four tasks associated with survivability operations are constructing fighting positions, constructing protective positions, hardening facilities, and employing camouflage and concealment. All four tasks are often addressed in combination. Some additional factors which can enhance an organization’s ability to avoid or withstand threats and hazards include dispersion, redundancy, leadership, discipline, mobility, situational understanding, terrain management, and CBRN planning. The loss or severe degradation of unit CPs and other key facilities by enemy attacks in the physical and cyberspace domains can prevent the successful execution of missions. A CP or key facility’s size, immobility, and multispectral signature invites enemy attack and the resulting disruption of the friendly tempo of operations. Survivability of those critical assets that enable a high operational tempo are a top priority. (See ATP 3-37.34 for additional information on survivability operations.)

3-37. USPACOM conducts DSCA in Hawaii, Guam, and American Samoa, and the U.S. territories within its AOR. USPACOM conducts DSCA through assigned Service components and designated functional components. Depending on the disaster response, USPACOM will activate a task force (TF); either TF East (Hawaii), TF West (Guam), and/or a TF Homeland (when one or more task forces are activated). There are two USPACOM Defense Coordinating Officers (DCO), DCO-East for Hawaii and DCO-West for Guam. When USPACOM executes DSCA plans, DCO-East becomes operational control to USPACOM Joint Operations Center. USPACOM can also activate a joint task force (Joint Task Force-Homeland Defense) to perform DSCA and homeland defense missions.

2-43. Unconventional warfare is defined as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area (JP 3-05.1). An underground is a cellular covert element within unconventional warfare that is compartmentalized and conducts covert or clandestine activities in areas normally denied to the auxiliary and the guerrilla force (ADP 3-05). An auxiliary is, for the purpose of unconventional warfare, the support element of the irregular organization whose organization and operations are clandestine in nature and whose members do not openly indicate their sympathy or involvement with the irregular movement (ADP 3-05). A guerrilla force is a group of irregular, predominantly indigenous personnel organized along military lines to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy -held, hostile, or denied territory (JP 3-05). Unconventional warfare operations, missions, and tasks are politically sensitive activities that involve a high degree of military risk and require distinct authorities and precise planning often characterized by innovative campaign design.

authentication – (DOD) 1. A security measure designed to protect a communications system against acceptance of a fraudulent transmission or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission, message, or originator. Referenced in ATP 3-50.10, ATP 3-50.22, ATP 6-02.53. 2. A means of identifying individuals and verifying their eligibility to receive specific categories of information. Referenced in ATP 3-50.10, ATP 3-50.22, ATP 6-02.53. 3. Evidence by proper signature or seal that a document is genuine and official. Referenced in ATP 3-50.10, ATP 3-50.22, ATP 6-02.53. 4. In personnel recovery missions, the process whereby the identity of an isolated person is confirmed. (JP 3-50) Referenced in ATP 3-50.3, ATP 3-50.10, ATP 3-50.22, ATP 6-02.53.

force health protection – (DOD) Measures to promote, improve, or conserve the behavioral and physical well-being of Service members to enable a healthy and fit force, prevent injury and illness, and protect the force from health hazards. Also called FHP. (JP 4-02) Referenced in FM 4-02, ATP 3-90.1, ATP 4-02.55, ATP 4-02.84. (Army) 2. Encompasses measures to promote, improve, conserve or restore the mental or physical well-being of Soldiers. These measures enable a healthy and fit force, prevent injury and illness, and protect the force from health hazards. These measures also include the prevention aspects of a number of Army Medical Department functions (preventive medicine, including medical surveillance and occupational and environmental health surveillance; veterinary services, including the food inspection and animal care missions, and the prevention of zoonotic disease transmissible to man; combat and operational stress control; dental services (preventive dentistry); and laboratory services [area medical laboratory support]. (FM 4-02)