1-2. The fires warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that create and converge effects in all domains against the threat to enable actions across the range of military operations (ADP 3-0). These tasks and systems create lethal and nonlethal effects delivered from both Army and Joint forces, as well as other unified action partners. The fires warfighting function does not wholly encompass, nor is it wholly encompassed by, any particular branch or function. Many of the capabilities that contribute to fires also contribute to other warfighting functions, often simultaneously. For example, an aviation unit may simultaneously execute missions that contribute to the movement and maneuver, fires, intelligence, sustainment, protection, and command and control warfighting functions. Additionally, air defense artillery (ADA) units conduct air and missile defense (AMD) operations in support of both fires and protection warfighting functions.

5-17. The fires warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that create and converge effects in all domains against the adversary or enemy to enable operations across the range of military operations (ADP 3-0). These tasks and systems create lethal and nonlethal effects delivered from both Army and joint forces, as well as other unified action partners. The fires warfighting function does not wholly encompass, nor is it wholly encompassed by, any particular branch or function. Many of the capabilities that contribute to fires also contribute to other warfighting functions, often simultaneously. For example, an aviation unit may simultaneously execute missions that contribute to the movement and maneuver, fires, intelligence, sustainment, protection, and command and control warfighting functions.

3-54. ARCYBER is the Army headquarters responsible for cyberspace operations to support joint requirements. It is the single point of contact for reporting and assessing Army cyberspace incidents, events, and operations in Army networks, and for synchronizing and integrating Army responses. When directed, ARCYBER conducts offensive and defensive cyberspace operations to ensure unified action partner freedom of action in cyberspace, and to deny it to adversaries. ARCYBER provides appropriate interactions, both as a supported and as a supporting command to Army Service component commands (ASCCs), including theater armies, Army commands, direct reporting units, and unified action partners. ARCYBER plans, coordinates, synchronizes, and directs an integrated defense within the Department of Defense information network-Army (DODIN-A) and, when directed, other portions of the Department of Defense information network (DODIN). ARCYBER is responsible for supporting joint information operations missions through operational control of the 1st Information Operations Command (Land).

4-9. When local authorities determine they will not be able to manage the response through support from their neighbors, they request support from the state or territory. The state or territory activates its emergency operations center, and representatives of the state or territory ESFs report to it. The state or territory emergency operations center normally initiates operations from its permanent offices. However, the governor or state emergency manager may displace it if the permanent location is affected by the disaster and would degrade the response, or if the governor needs to be closer to the disaster area. Under certain circumstances and based on state laws, local National Guard commanders may provide immediate response to a local community without orders from the governor through the adjutant general. The local emergency managers may have contingency agreements in place with local armories and nearby National Guard training installations. The National Guard unit commander may not be a permanent full time member and typically is alerted through an alert roster. Soldiers committed locally in an immediate response may be needed subsequently for a larger call up of National Guard forces by the governor. The local commander may limit the immediate assistance in order to support higher priority missions. Frequently, National Guardsmen begin to muster at their units before an official alert order; their experience enables them to anticipate when they will be needed.

3-23. Each adjutant general maintains a permanent headquarters for the state's National Guard forces, referred to as a joint force headquarters-state (JFHQ-State). The word joint, in this context, includes only the state's Army National Guard and Air National Guard. However, each state's National Guard varies in composition and size; there is no standard response organization among the 54 National Guard headquarters. Each state maintains contingency plans for different incident types and adjusts these plans as needed during operations, including adjustments for federalized National Guard units. In most incidents, the adjutant general establishes a JTF-State. In this context, the word state is used generically; each JFHQ-State and each JTF-State is named differently. A JTF-State, based on the adjutant general's contingency plans, usually has operational control of all Army and Air National Guard forces from all participating states. Partnerships are established and reinforced through joint and multiagency exercises well before incidents occur. The commander of the JTF-State task organizes units into task forces for missions. These state task forces sometimes work alongside federal task forces. (Figure 3-1 illustrates an example of a state National Guard response organization).

3-4. Missions to support disaster response under Title 10, USC are not limited to the National Guard (see paragraphs 1-51 and 2-32 to 2-34 regarding Army Reserve forces for DSCA). Federal (Title 10, USC) forces conducting DSCA missions may include federalized National Guard units and activated Army Reserve. A senior federal official from an agency of the federal government coordinates all federal support, including federal military.

emission security – (DOD) Actions designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value as a result of intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from cryptographic equipment and telecommunications systems. (JP 6-0) Referenced in ATP 6-02.75

11-27. Some missions are better suited to military deception than others. When a unit has the initiative and has some control over the area of operations, then military deception is more suitable.

13-22. Some missions require coordination with nongovernmental organizations. While no overarching interagency doctrine delineates or dictates the relationships and procedures governing all agencies, departments, and organizations in interagency operations, the National Response Framework provides some guidance. Effective liaison elements work toward establishing mutual trust and confidence, continuously coordinating actions to achieve cooperation and unity of effort. (See JP 3-08.) In these situations, LNOs and their teams require a broader understanding of the interagency environment, responsibilities, motivations, and limitations of nongovernmental organizations, and the relationships these organizations have with the U.S. military.

9-29. Since missions for larger organizations are more complex and involve concurrent efforts, leaders at higher levels must encourage subordinate initiative. Effective organizational leaders must delegate authority, support their subordinates’ decisions, and hold them accountable for their actions.

1-38. These missions, tasks, and activities can be conducted during the Army’s efforts to shape and win as well as during consolidation of gains. They describe the focus within an area of operations where consolidation of gains occurs.

1-3. DSCA missions encompass more than disaster response or homeland defense. Homeland defense is the protection of United States sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President (JP 3-27). A majority of DSCA missions support a designated national special security event (NSSE). A NSEE is a designated event that, by virtue of its political, economic, social, or religious significance, may be the target of terrorism or other criminal activity (JP 3-28). Olympics, inaugurations, or state funerals are examples of NSSEs. (See chapter 4, section II for more information on other domestic support considerations).

2-3. Some missions may accomplish these purposes directly. For example, an aircraft crew participating in a search and rescue operation is there to save lives. Soldiers fighting fires in a national forest are protecting public property, as are the National Guard Soldiers patrolling streets in the aftermath of a tornado. Other missions accomplish these purposes indirectly. Soldiers and civilians loading medical supplies for shipment from an installation to a municipal shelter will not meet the people housed there, but their actions will help reduce the distress of their fellow citizens.

7-12. To accomplish missions consistently, leaders need to maintain motivation within the team. One of the best ways to do this is to recognize and reward good performance. Leaders who recognize individual and team accomplishments promote positive motivation and actions for the future. Recognizing individuals and teams in front of superiors and others gives those contributors an increased sense of worth. Leaders seek opportunities to recognize the performance of their subordinates. They do this by crediting their subordinates for the work they do. Sharing credit has enormous payoffs in terms of building trust and teams.

2-19. Direct action missions may also support locating, recovering, and restoring to friendly control selected persons or materiel that are isolated and threatened in sensitive, denied, or contested areas. These missions usually result from situations that involve political sensitivity or military criticality of the personnel or materiel being recovered from remote or hostile environments. These situations may arise from a political change, combat action, chance happening, or mechanical mishap. Army special operations forces can use close quarters battle in direct action operations. Close quarters battle is sustained combative tactics, techniques, and procedures employed by small, highly trained special operations forces using special purpose weapons, munitions, and demolitions to recover specified personnel, equipment, or material (ADP 3-05). Direct action operations differ from the personnel recovery method of combat search and rescue by the use of—

3-7. Preparedness for operational missions should be the primary focus of the unit’s fitness program. The forward-looking leader develops a balanced fitness program that enables Soldiers to execute the unit’s most challenging missions.

4-131. Domestic law enforcement missions differ substantially from similar stability tasks associated with civil security and civil control. The rights of civilians take precedence during domestic law enforcement support except in extreme emergencies.

1-56. While preparing Soldiers for missions, NCOs stress fieldcraft and physical and mental rigor. NCOs understand that improved warfighting technology will not reduce the need for mentally and physically fit Soldiers. Soldiers will continue to carry heavy loads, and engage enemy forces in close combat. Tactical success relates directly to the Soldiers' level of tactical and technical training, as well as their fitness and resiliency. Soldier care includes preparing them for future challenges and adversity. ATP 6-22.5 contains material related to Soldier care.

1-13. Army leaders directing DSCA missions or tasks must understand how the Constitution of the United States structures the powers of the federal government and limits the powers of military forces operating in the homeland. They must understand how national and military policy applies constitutional principles. The Constitution divides state and federal forces and establishes the fundamental precept that the military serves in support of civil authority. Consistent with this precept, preparedness policy structures DSCA to ensure unity of effort. The 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people,” provides the legal authority for the division of state and federal forces and limits federal police powers and serves as a foundation for national DSCA authorities.

4-29. Typical initial response authority missions include—