1-98. The command and control warfighting function is the related tasks and a system that enable commanders to synchronize and converge all elements of combat power (ADP 3-0). The primary purpose of the command and control warfighting function is to assist commanders in integrating the other elements of combat power (movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires, sustainment, protection, information and leadership) to achieve objectives and accomplish missions. The command and control warfighting function consists of the command and control warfighting function tasks and the command and control system, as depicted in figure 1-2 on page 1-20.

3-71. Obtaining required information is often more complex and requires leveraging the national to tactical intelligence capabilities. For stability operations, commanders often require more detailed intelligence and intelligence preparation of the battlefield products to determine how best to conduct operations and influence the local populace to enhance stability. The identification and analysis of threats, terrain and weather, and civil considerations are critical in determining the most effective missions, tasks, and locations in which stability operations are conducted. Therefore, diverse and detailed intelligence products are important to support stability operations. Intelligence and civil affairs will work together to identify key influencers and understand societal fault lines and grievances, both relating to current operations and those that originally contributed to fragility or violence to ensure successful stabilization. Civil affairs operations strive to ensure that existing grievances are not exacerbated.

2-39. The application of complicated U.S. laws and military policies makes DSCA distinct from operations conducted abroad. Legal issues are likely to arise and necessitate timely legal advice during DSCA missions. This publication only provides a summary; this is not a comprehensive review of every requirement and restriction. Commanders should always consult their staff judge advocate for legal advice.

4-50. Army organizations performing DSCA tasks, as part of DSCA missions or National Guard civil support missions, apply the tenets and supporting principles of unified land operations described in ADP 3-0, keeping in mind the main purposes and characteristics of Army support (see chapter 2). Leaders and units remain adaptive and flexible, adjusting operations as conditions change. They apply the Army's operational concept to conduct operations and accomplish missions. Commanders provide a clear commander's intent and concept of operations. Commanders use a flexible command and control system. Leaders, Soldiers, and partners develop a shared understanding of their operational environment and the purpose of the operation. Commanders liaise and coordinate operations with interagency partners. They ensure effective information collection and security operations. Units maintain the ability to change their task organization quickly. Commanders encourage initiative so units can respond quickly, and they ensure responsive sustainment.

2-30. Regular Army operational forces and the institutional force provide DSCA as directed by the Secretary of Defense and defined by DODD 3025.18. The Regular Army's key capabilities for missions are its ability to generate large forces rapidly and sustain them for long periods during an incident. When directed, and with the support of U.S. Transportation Command, the Regular Army deploys forces ranging from small detachments to corps size formations or larger, supported by the full resources of the DOD. In this case, Regular Army units are federal forces serving as part of a joint task force under Title 10, USC.

4-67. When a deploying unit replaces another unit, a relief in place must occur during integration. Command of combat-ready units is transferred to the operational commander. Integration is complete when the GCC, other JFC, or land component commander (LCC) establishes positive control over arriving units. This usually occurs in forward assembly areas when those units are capable of performing assigned missions.

4-25. Operational art is the cognitive approach by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and judgment—to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means (JP 3-0). The purpose of operational art is to provide a set of tools to formulate the most effective, efficient way to accomplish missions by the arrangement of actions in time, space, and purpose, and to overcome the ambiguity and intricacies of a complex, ever-changing, and uncertain operational environment. Elements of operational art are individual cognitive tools that help the commander and staffs visualize and describe the broad operational approach. The elements of operational art are intellectual tools that help commanders and staffs—

4-94. Commanders clearly define responsibilities for the security of units within the support area. This requires assigning an individual responsibility for defensive planning and risk mitigation in that support area. That individual can designate the commanders of tenant units within support areas as base and base cluster commanders (except medical corps officers). Base and base cluster commanders are responsible for the local security of their respective bases and base clusters. A commander responsible for a support area can also designate protection standards and defensive readiness conditions for tenant units and units transiting the area. Higher protection standards may impact the ability of those supporting sustainment units to accomplish their primary missions to support the operations of maneuver and other forces. The support area commander coordinates to mitigate the effects of performing security operations on the primary functions of units located within an echelon support area. (There are two approaches for arraying base camps: dispersed and consolidated. See ATP 3-37.10 for the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.)

1-22. Prior to designing or planning special operations and requesting Army special operations forces in support of a combatant commander’s campaign plan or a contingency plan, commanders first determine if the objective(s) require the unique capabilities of Army special operations forces. As trusted Army professionals and stewards of the Army Profession, commanders conduct a thorough analysis to ensure that highly trained, competent special operations forces are employed ethically, effectively, and efficiently to accomplish the most important and highest payoff missions in the right way.

4-117. DOD policy and directives stress the importance of installation level planning and preparation before an outbreak requires military support. The priority of effort goes to installation readiness and force health protection measures. Therefore, the installation commander ensures that the civilian workforce remains prepared, and commanders ensure their Soldiers receive flu vaccinations regularly. Post agencies develop plans to operate with reduced manning by prioritizing missions and ensuring that critical positions have cross trained replacements. Leaders stress inoculation of military personnel and develop plans to augment essential services. They also work with the installation to ensure that families are prepared for an outbreak.

7-247. One commander should direct the encirclement effort. However, there must also be unity of command for each encircling arm. The encircling force headquarters may name one of its subordinate units as the headquarters for an encircling arm. Alternatively, that force’s headquarters may create a temporary command post from organic assets, such as its tactical CP, to control one or more arms of the encirclement. If an encircling arm has subordinate inner and outer arms, each of them also requires separate subordinate commanders. The missions and spatial orientation between the inner and outer encircling arms are sufficiently different; therefore, one force cannot act in both directions at once.

4-1. Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and determining effective ways to bring that future about (ADP 5-0). Planning helps commanders understand and develop solutions to problems resulting in a plan and orders that synchronize the action of forces in time, space, and purpose to achieve objectives and accomplish missions.

1-94. Army bands support joint, interagency, and multi-national operations and are composed of multiple teams that provide flexible and relevant music, tailored to meet the requirements of support operations in multiple operating environments. This design enables bands to support both deployment operations and home station missions concurrently, allowing commanders to simultaneously spread the positive impact of Army bands across the deployed force, international community, and the American public at home. Army bands based in the U. S. and its territories continue to provide music support of Army recruiting and public relations during overseas contingency operations (FM 1-0). For more information on Army bands, see ATP 1-19.

2-53. Security force assistance brigades provide theater army commanders the capability to support theater security cooperation activities and build partner-nation security force capacity. Each security force assistance brigade is organized with a headquarters and headquarters company, two advisory maneuver battalions (either an infantry or combined arms battalion), one advisory cavalry squadron, one advisory field artillery battalion, one advisory engineer battalion (with embedded signal and military intelligence companies), and an advisory brigade support battalion to focus primarily on tactical and operational advising. Security force assistance brigades have the capability to conduct tactical advisory missions.

5-8. Army cyberspace and electronic warfare operations are conducted to seize, retain, and exploit advantages in cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum. These operations support decisive action through the accomplishment of six core missions: offensive cyberspace operations, defensive cyberspace operations, DOD information network operations, electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. Commanders and staffs perform cyberspace electromagnetic activities to project power in cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum; secure and defend friendly force networks; and protect personnel, facilities, and equipment. Spectrum management operations are a critical enabler of integrated cyberspace operations and electronic warfare. (See FM 3-12 for a discussion of cyberspace operations and electronic warfare.)

2-104. Leaders have an obligation to ensure that their subordinates are capable of performing their assigned tasks to Army standards under a variety of circumstances. Leaders generally provide more direction or guidance and control until they are satisfied that subordinates understand tasks, conditions, and standards and can operate within the commander’s intent. Increased confidence in the ability of subordinates generally leads to more latitude in the way that subordinates are given to complete their assigned missions, since commanders can trust that the subordinates understand the purpose of what they are being told to do.

3-76. Commanders change tactics, modify their exercise of command and control, change task organization, and adjust the weight placed on each element of decisive action throughout an operation. This helps to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. Commanders base decisions on their understanding of the situation, available resources, and the force’s ability to conduct operations. Commanders assess the progress of ongoing operations, changes in the situation, and the force’s combat effectiveness. Commanders also assess how well a current operation is shaping conditions for subsequent missions.

3-20. Special Forces groups have the capability to control diverse supporting tasks and provide a unique perspective of the operational environment, the joint special operations area, and the area of operations founded on their regional alignment. Special Forces groups and their subordinate units have decades of experience leading task organized Army special operations forces in missions ranging from supporting security cooperation and interagency support to participating in armed conflict. Joint special operations task force commanders may source key positions in their staff from the Services providing significant portions of their joint force.

3-16. A combatant commander, subordinate unified command commander, or a commander, joint task force establishes a special operations joint task force to support unified action through interorganizational cooperation for special operations conducted in support of a campaign or major operation. The established task force improves conventional and special operations forces integration, interoperability, and interdependence. It acts as a single headquarters to plan and coordinate all theater or joint operational area special operations. The special operations joint task force includes special operations capabilities from more than one Service and may include capabilities provided by special operations forces in other countries. The task force may have conventional force units assigned or attached to it to support or enable execution of specific missions. It provides command and control over multiple subordinate joint special operations task forces. To source the special operations joint task force, the combatant command requests forces through the global force management process.

2-112. The Warrior Ethos is perishable, so commanders continually affirm, develop, and sustain it. Developing it demands inculcating self-discipline in the commander, subordinates, and the command. It requires tough, realistic training that develops the resiliency needed to endure extremes of weather, physical exertion, and lack of sleep and food. Commanders develop the will, determination, and the confidence that they, their subordinates, and their formations will accomplish all missions regardless of conditions.