1-49. Military forces also synchronize their operations in addition to synchronizing governmental and nongovernmental entities to achieve unity of effort. Different command relationships and authorities between federal and state forces pose challenges to unity of effort. Parallel command and dual status command are the two usual and customary usual and customary command and control arrangements for the simultaneous employment of federal and state forces during DSCA missions. The dual status command structure does not create unity of command. Missions for federal and state National Guard forces originate separately and respective forces conduct these missions separately. Under parallel command, federal forces take orders from the DOD chain of command, and state National Guard forces take orders from the state's chain of command. If dual status command is used, the President and the governor sign an agreement appointing one officer to command both federal and state National Guard forces. That officer serves simultaneously in Title 10, USC and Title 32, USC duty status. This concept is detailed in chapter 3, Section III, Considerations for the Exercise of Command and Control.

1-140. When assigning AOs, each headquarters ensures its subordinate headquarters’ capabilities align with their span of control and missions. The way in which headquarters graphically portray the operational framework and allocate resources to accomplish missions in time and space drives the pace of operations. Higher echelon headquarters create the conditions for subordinate echelons to succeed. Commanders and staffs consider the reliable availability of networks, effective span of leader control, the temporal focus at different echelons, the impact of lethality and stress on decision making, identification of targets, approval levels and timing constraints for effects delivery, sustainment requirements, physical and electro-magnetic signatures, airspace control, and clearance of fires. These considerations inform commander decisions about where capabilities are located in formations and who has ultimate responsibility for their most effective employment.

1-27. Offensive action is the key to achieving decisive results. Commanders conduct the offense to defeat enemy forces or gain control of terrain to produce the effects required by their higher commander. Circumstances may require defending; however, tactical success normally requires shifting to the offense as soon as possible. The offense ends when forces accomplish their missions, reach their limit of advance (LOA), or approach culmination. Those forces then consolidate, resume the attack, or prepare for other operations.

1-5. A primary planning assumption for commanders and staffs is that government organizations and Department of Defense (DOD) affiliates are currently under observation by adversaries and will be under observation by threats and enemies across one or more domains within OEs. Operational and functional concepts are translated through warfighting functions into tasks for the development of plans, orders and, ultimately, unit missions. Commanders develop protection priorities for each phase of an operation or major activity. They integrate and synchronize primary protection tasks and additional protection tasks to reduce risk, mitigate identified vulnerabilities, and act on opportunity. When properly integrated and synchronized, the tasks and systems that comprise the protection warfighting function effectively preserve the force.

1-54. Single Services may perform tasks and missions to support DOD objectives. However, the DOD primarily employs two or more Services (from two military departments) in a single operation across multiple domains, particularly in combat, through joint operations. Joint operations are military actions conducted by joint forces and those Service forces employed in specified command relationships with each other, which of themselves, do not establish joint forces (JP 3-0). A joint force is a force composed of elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single joint force commander (JP 3-0). Joint operations exploit the advantages of interdependent Service capabilities in multiple domains through unified action. Joint planning integrates military power with other instruments of national power (diplomatic, economic, and informational) to achieve a desired military end state. The end state is the set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander’s objectives (JP 3-0). Joint planning connects the strategic end state to the JFC’s operational campaign design and ultimately to tactical missions. JFCs use campaigns and major operations to translate their operational-level actions into strategic results. A campaign is a series of related operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives within a given time and space (JP 5-0). A major operation is a series of tactical actions (battles, engagements, strikes) conducted by combat forces, coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area (JP 3-0). Planning for a campaign is appropriate when the contemplated military operations exceed the scope of a single major operation. Campaigns are always joint operations. Army forces do not conduct campaigns unless they are designated as a joint task force (JTF). However, Army forces contribute to campaigns through the conduct of land operations. (See JP 5-0 for a discussion of campaigns.)

5-9. The theater joint intelligence centers (or joint analysis center under United States European Command) are the primary area of responsibility all-source analysis and production organizations. National intelligence agency representatives are integrated into the joint intelligence center—augmenting its analytical and production capability. The center provides much of the intelligence production agency support needed for target intelligence packages required for missions identified through the targeting process. The center should fully integrate military information support operations and Civil Affairs operations information into its all-source analytical and production effort.

4-35. Phase III, operate, begins when forces commence DSCA operations. Phase III ends when DOD forces are close to completing their missions and no further requests for assistance are anticipated. Key activities include liaison, command and control, coordination, situational awareness, hazard assessment, urban search and rescue, patient decontamination, air and ground medical evacuation, and logistic support.

air tasking order – (DOD) A method used to task and disseminate to components, subordinate units, and command and control agencies projected sorties, capabilities and/or forces to targets and specific missions. Also called ATO. (JP 3-30) Referenced in FM 3-0, FM 3-09, ATP 2-01, ATP 3-04.1, ATP 3-01.15, ATP 3-04.64, ATP 3-06.1, ATP 3-09.42, ATP 3-60.2.

joint force land component commander – (DOD) The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for recommending the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking land forces; planning and coordinating land operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. Also called JFLCC. (JP 3-0) Referenced in ATP 3-01.94, ATP 3-52.2, ATP 3-60.2, ATP 4-43.

1-174. During planning, commanders establish conditions for transitioning into each phase. They adjust their phases to take advantage of opportunities presented by the enemy or to react to an unexpected setback. Actions by the enemy also determine conditions for phases. Changes in phases at any level can lead to a period of vulnerability for the force. At this point, missions and task organizations often change. Therefore, the careful planning of branches and sequels can reduce the risk associated with transition between phases.

joint force maritime component commander – (DOD) The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for recommending the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking maritime forces and assets; planning and coordinating maritime operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. Also called JFMCC. (JP 3-0) Referenced in ATP 3-01.94, ATP 3-52.2, ATP 3-60.2.

joint force special operations component commander – (DOD) The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for recommending the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking special operations forces and assets; planning and coordinating special operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. Also called JFSOCC. (JP 3-0) Referenced in ADP 3-05, ATP 3-01.94, ATP 3-52.2, ATP 3-60.2, ATP 3-76.

4-25. If relatively few federal units are needed, the JFLCC may place them under operational control of the DCO. The JFLCC provides the DCO with any additional assets needed. The DCO coordinates missions with the federal coordinating officer and issues orders to the unit commander or commanders. (See chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion of coordination for state and federal military forces.)

3-1. Operations to shape consist of various long-term military engagements, security cooperation, and deterrence missions, tasks, and actions intended to assure friends, build partner capacity and capability, and promote regional stability. Operations to shape typically occur in support of the geographic combatant commander’s (GCC’s) theater campaign plan (TCP) or the theater security cooperation plan. These operations help counter actions by adversaries that challenge the stability of a nation or region contrary to U.S. interests. Operations to shape occur across the joint phasing model. (See paragraphs 1-51 through 1-60.) Ultimately, operations to shape focus on four purposes:

3-67. While the above focuses on planning at the theater level, AMD planning is being performed concurrently at all subordinate echelons of command. Resident ADA personnel, in conjunction with the protection and/or fires cell personnel, consider the echelon’s assets that that commander deems critical and begin to plan protection requirements. Allocated or organic ADA forces are assigned missions in defense of these assets. Adjustments are made to the assignment of forces to an asset or the assets to be defended based on ADA force availability. Additional ADA assets may be requested as required. If active AMD capabilities (shooters) are unavailable, planners consider the use of passive defense measures in lieu thereof. Continuous coordination is conducted by all entities to ensure the protection of critical assets and forces from air and missile attack and surveillance.

1-27. Army operations to shape consist of various long-term military engagements, security cooperation, and deterrence missions, tasks, and actions intended to assure friends, build partner capacity and capability, and promote regional stability. Operations to shape typically occur in support of the geographic combatant commander’s theater campaign plan or the theater security cooperation plan. These operations help counter actions by adversaries that challenge the stability of a nation or region contrary to U.S. interests. (see FM 30).

4-49. The receipt of the Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command port call message and the United States Air Force (USAF) Air Mobility Command air tasking order initiates port of embarkation operations and specifies the dates when units arrive at the port. An air tasking order is a method used to task and disseminate to components, subordinate units, and command and control agencies projected sorties, capabilities and/or forces to targets and specific missions (JP 3-30). At the installation staging areas, units verify movement data, and they inspect equipment to ensure that it is correctly configured for movement by the designated mode of transportation. Unit vehicles and cargo move to the ports of embarkation by convoy or commercial surface transport.

2-204. FM 3-90-1 and FM 3-90-2 provide the foundation for movement and maneuver during large-scale combat operations. Corps, division, and BCT commanders normally do not specify the form of maneuver to be adopted by subordinate units. However, the assignment of missions and tasks, AOs, and the allocation of forces may impose such limitations on a subordinate unit that its commander has little choice on the form of maneuver adopted. Tactical commands normally employ a combination of the six basic forms of maneuver—envelopment, flank attack, frontal attack, infiltration, penetration, and turning movement—in their performance of the four offensive tasks. The distinction in the form of maneuver adopted by a tactical echelon exists primarily in the intent of the echelon commander, since the subordinate elements may use other forms of maneuver. Chapter 5 addresses tactical enabling tasks. Chapters 6 and 7 address maneuver in the defense and the offense respectively.

5-11. The command and control warfighting function is the related tasks and a system that enable commanders to synchronize and converge all elements of combat power. The primary purpose of the command and control warfighting function is to assist commanders in integrating the other elements of combat power (leadership, information, movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires, sustainment, and protection) to achieve objectives and accomplish missions. The command and control warfighting function consists of the command and control warfighting function tasks and the command and control system. (See figure 5-2.)

1-93. While Army commanders are primarily concerned with command and control in the land domain, command and control occurs in all domains across the range of military operations. Through command and control, Army forces converge effects from all domains (land, air, maritime, space, cyberspace), as well as the information environment and the electromagnetic spectrum, to accomplish missions. Each domain has a unique set of characteristics that influences how capabilities are synchronized and converged throughout an operation. Convergence is the continuous integration of capabilities from multiple domains, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the information environment, to create multiple dilemmas for the enemy. In order to effectively converge effects from all domains, Army forces must understand the authorities, processes, procedures, and time it takes to receive and assess effects from other domains and for Army forces to create effects in those domains.