2-51. Each Component of the Army (Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard) has different capabilities, requirements, and restrictions for supporting civil authorities. Regular Army forces and activated Army Reserve units always conduct DSCA missions under the command of the President, exercised through the Secretary of Defense and the combatant commanders. The Army National Guard and Air National Guard are state forces. Army National Guard and Air National Guard units conduct DSCA missions or National Guard civil support missions under the command of their governors. If placed in federal service, under Title 10, USC, National Guard units become federal military forces. Operations of various military units can be in support of different agencies, within overlapping operational areas, and under different chains of command. Military support for a large incident response can include simultaneous operations of—

2-229. The field artillery brigade allocated to the corps augments the fires of divisions, provides counter battery fires, and performs corps-wide target acquisition functions. +Fires planners at corps echelons develop and apply radar coverage plans to ensure counterfire radar coverage. The types of missions assigned to field artillery brigades are general support, reinforcing, and general support reinforcing. These units may be attached to divisions or any BCT remaining under the corps commander’s direct command. At the recommendation of the field artillery brigade commander, the corps commander assigns missions to the artillery battalions of any BCTs currently in reserve. In the offense, commanders give priority field artillery support to the decisive operation. If an operation is phased, priority for fires can vary from unit to unit. The same applies to the defense. A corps will usually provide additional field artillery brigade artillery battalions in a support relationship to the DIVARTY or field artillery battalions of the BCTs conducting the decisive operation.

4-76. At the joint level, cyberspace operations are operational missions accomplished by the commander, USCYBERCOM. The USCYBERCOM commander provides the command and control and situational awareness required to operate and defend the DODIN. ARCYBER, as the ASCC for USCYBERCOM, extends the command and control of the network through its operational control relationship with each regional cyber center and through the Army orders process to each of the signal commands (theater).

1-74. Conducting decisive action involves more than simultaneous execution of all its tasks. It requires commanders and staffs to consider their units’ capabilities and capacities relative to each task. Commanders consider their missions, decide which tactics, techniques, and procedures to use, and balance the tasks of decisive action while preparing their commander’s intent and concept of operations. They determine which tasks their force can accomplish simultaneously, if phasing is required, what additional resources it may need, and how to transition from one task to another.

combatant command (command authority) – (DOD) Nontransferable command authority, which cannot be delegated, of a combatant commander to perform those functions of command over assigned forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces; assigning tasks; designating objectives; and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions assigned to the command. Also called COCOM. (JP 1) Referenced in ATP 3-27.5, ATP 3-34.84, ATP 3-50.10, ATP 3-52.2, ATP 4-43.

2-73. Part of understanding an operational environment includes identifying and understanding problems. In the context of operations, an operational problem is a discrepancy between the current state of an operational environment and the desired end state. An operational problem includes those issues that impede commanders from accomplishing missions, achieving objectives, and attaining the desired end state.

2-52. In domestic operations, duty status refers to the broad legal authority under which Army forces support civil authorities. Important differences related to duty status exist at the departmental and adjutant general levels, as pay and benefits are affected. In addition, the Posse Comitatus Act authorizes certain tasks and prohibits others depending on duty status. The duty status of a unit (the legal standing of the organization) determines its chain of command and the missions it may undertake within the homeland.

warfighting function – A group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. (ADP 3-0)

1-136. An area of operations is an operational area defined by a commander for land and maritime forces that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces (JP 3-0). AOs do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the JFC, but should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions (including a designated amount of airspace) and protect their forces. Component commanders with AOs typically designate subordinate AOs within which their subordinate forces operate. These commanders employ the full range of joint and Service control measures and graphics as coordinated with other component commanders and their representatives to delineate responsibilities, deconflict operations, and achieve unity of effort.

5-9. A warfighting function is a group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. Warfighting functions are the physical means that tactical commanders use to execute operations and accomplish missions assigned by superior tactical- and operational-level commanders. The purpose of warfighting functions is to provide an intellectual organization for common critical capabilities available to commanders and staffs at all echelons and levels of warfare. Commanders integrate and synchronize these capabilities with other warfighting functions to accomplish objectives and missions.

1-95. A warfighting function is a group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives (ADP 3-0). Warfighting functions are the physical means that tactical commanders use to execute operations and accomplish missions assigned by higher level commanders. The purpose of warfighting functions is to provide an intellectual organization for common critical capabilities available to commanders and staffs at all echelons.

2-10. A warfighting function is a group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives (ADP 3-0). The warfighting functions provide an intellectual organization of common capabilities available to commanders and staffs to achieve objectives and accomplish missions. In 2008, the Army established six warfighting functions that linked to the joint functions established in JP 3-0. The Army defines each of these six warfighting functions:

2-31. Judgment is required for selecting the critical time and place to act. Commanders act by assigning missions, prioritizing, managing risk, allocating resources, and leading. Thorough knowledge of the science of war, a strong ethical sense, and an understanding of enemy and friendly capabilities form the basis of the judgment commanders require.

1-11. Combat is a lethal clash of opposing wills and a violent struggle between thinking and adaptive commanders with opposing goals. Commanders strive to defeat their enemies. Defeat is to render a force incapable of achieving its objectives (ADP 3-0). Commanders seek to accomplish missions that support operational or strategic purposes while preventing their enemies from doing the same.

9-58. Gaining and maintaining the trust of key actors is an important aspect of operations. Faced with the many different actors (individuals, organizations, and the public) connected with the operation, commanders identify and engage those actors who matter to operational success. These actors’ behaviors can help solve or complicate the friendly forces’ challenges as commanders strive to accomplish missions.

2-38. INSCOM's functional brigades and groups may provide general support, general support reinforcing, or direct support to theaters of operations through intelligence reach, or they may be force tailored for deployment to support the joint force. These brigades and groups, while not regionally aligned, work in coordination with INSCOM's MIB-Ts to effectively create a seamlessly integrated tactical to national intelligence architecture. Functional commands within INSCOM have missions and capabilities focused on a single discipline or operational function. Examples of this type of command include the-

4-159. Joint patrols involving state National Guard and local law enforcement officers have proven to be a highly effective and efficient use of Soldiers in the aftermath of disasters and disturbances. The inclusion of civilian law enforcement personnel allows for rapid administration of law enforcement and facilitates arrest and detention. Law enforcement personnel normally carry nonlethal weapons, allowing for discriminate application of force. Military vehicles provide increased mobility, and night vision equipment provides the patrol with tactical advantages. As with any law enforcement support, the controlling joint task force coordinates within its higher chain of command before conducting any missions. Small unit commanders should always confirm RUF through their headquarters before placing Soldiers with civilian law enforcement officials. Commanders coordinate carefully with the supervising civilian law enforcement agency's senior officer to plan the patrols and ensure the military patrol leader conducts necessary preparation and coordination.

2-24. Army command relationships identify the authorities and degree of control of the gaining Army commander. For example, operational control gives gaining commanders the authority to assign missions and further task-organize forces placed under their operational control. Tactical control on the other hand, gives gaining commanders the authority to assign missions, but not further task-organize forces placed under their tactical control. The type of command relationship often relates to the expected longevity of the relationship between the headquarters involved and quickly identifies the administrative and logistic support that the gaining and losing Army commanders provide.

2-6. Through assignment or allocation of Army forces to a GCC by the Secretary of Defense, the theater army may exercise operational control (OPCON) (or other delegated command authority) of Army forces until the combatant commander attaches those forces to another subordinate Service or joint command. OPCON provides authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the commander considers necessary to accomplish missions. It does not include authoritative direction for logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. (See appendix A for a discussion of command and support relationships).

5-9. JFCs establish areas of operations (AOs) to decentralize execution of land operations, allow rapid maneuver, and provide the ability to fight at extended ranges. The size, shape, and positioning of land AOs are based on the JFC’s concept of operations and the land commanders’ requirements to accomplish their missions. Within these AOs, land commanders are designated the supported commander for the integration and synchronization of joint maneuver, fires, and interdiction. Interdicting is an action to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy’s military surface capability before it can be used effectively against friendly forces, or to achieve enemy objectives. Accordingly, land commanders designate the target priority, effects, and timing of joint interdiction operations within their AOs. Further, in coordination with the land commander, the component commander designated as the supported commander for JOA-wide interdiction—typically the joint force air component commander (JFACC)—has the latitude to plan and execute JFC prioritized missions within the land AO. If JOA-wide interdiction operations would have adverse effects within a land AO, then the commander conducting those operations must either readjust the plan, resolve the issue with the appropriate component commander, or consult with the JFC for resolution.