1-12. Threats preclude to keep something from happening by taking action in advance. Peer threats will preclude a friendly force's ability to shape the OE and mass and sustain combat power. Anti-access (A2) and area denial (AD) are two examples of preclusion activities. The enemies’ integrated air defense systems and integrated fires command is employed using their sensor-to-shooter networks. Threats will conduct A2 activities by employing long-range capabilities to prevent an enemy force from entering an operational area. Threats will conduct AD activities through shorter range actions and capabilities to limit friendly force freedom of action within an operational area to the point that their mission is severely limited or unachievable. The joint force employs fires to defeat A2/AD capabilities to allow entry and building of combat power within the operational area. They may also employ fires to defeat A2/AD activities to allow joint force freedom of action.